ESRI Discussion Paper Series No.343 What Do Microsimulations Tell Us about Fiscal Costs of the Newly Launched Income Contingent Loans in Japan?
Abstract
This study estimates the fiscal costs incurred by the income contingent loans launched in April 2017 using a microsimulation approach. The study identifies three factors to understand how costly the loan scheme is: discount rate, female working conditions, and income mobility. The largest costs include about 40% of the mean loan outstanding at the time of graduation that would not be repaid in present discount value terms. This amount may be reduced as the discount rate falls from 2%, as more married females continue working at higher wages, and as more income dynamics are introduced, such as changes in the percentiles of income distributions during individuals’ lives. The costs would be, on average, 20 percentage points higher than their fixed repayment counterparts.
- Keywords: microsimulation, income contingent loan, higher education, fiscal costs
- JEL classifications: D14, I22, I23, I28, J22
Structure of the whole text(PDF-Format 1 File)
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page1Abstract
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page21. Introduction
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page32. What is the ICL?
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page43. Finance of Higher Education in Japan
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page5Figure 1 Overview of Financing Higher Education in Japan
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page64. Data and Methodology
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page64.1 Data
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page64.2Methodology
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page8Figure 2 Overall Labor Market Situations in Sample Years
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page84.3 Detailed Specifications of Student Loan Schemes
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page95. Simulation Results
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page95.1 Earnings
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page10Figure 3 Simulated Earnings in Case 1
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page11Figure 4 Simulated Earnings in Case 2
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page12Figure 5 Debt Developments over Repayment Periods
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page125.2 Fiscal Costs
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page13Figure 6 Fiscal Costs Comparison between the Current ICL and Fixed Repayments by Case
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page14Table 1 Simulation Results of Fiscal Costs with Mobility
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page15Table 2 Simulation Results of Fiscal Costs without Mobility
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page155.3 Discussions
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page16Figure 7 Career Preference Survey Results of Third-year Female Students
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page166. Conclusion
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page17Reference
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page19Appendix
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page19Appendix 1: Details of Simulation Procedures
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page19A1.1 Converting categorical into numeric data
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page19A1.2 Details of the estimation
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page19Appendix 2: Details of Effects of Reduced Mobility
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page20Table A1 Estimation Results of the Logit Models
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page21Table A2 Fiscal Costs for Males With and Without Mobility
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page22Table A3 Fiscal Costs for Females With and Without Mobility
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